Behind the Walls of the World’s Psychiatric Hospitals
Behind the Walls of the World’s Psychiatric Hospitals
Ep. 79: History of Greystone Park Psychiatric Center, Part 1 (1876-1907)
This week's episode examines the first couple decades of the State Asylum for the Insane in Morristown, New Jersey. Find out what an average day was like at the asylum, what treatments and entertainments were offered, and how long it took for the massive building to become overcrowded.
Primary sources include the Images of America book on Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital by Rusty Tagliareni and Christina Mathews, as well as a number of annual reports from the New Jersey State Library. All other sources will be listed at the end of the episode transcript.
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Hello, hello, hello, and welcome back to Behind the Walls of the World’s Psychiatric Hospitals! I’m your host, Dr. Sarah Gallup, back after a nice break for the holidays. I hope you had a wonderful and restful few weeks. I was able to add some more content to the Patreon page, so be looking for those additions.
Today we’re going to start a new hospital series, and I’m really excited about this one because this is a hospital that has been on my list since the very beginning of the show. We’ll be heading back to the U.S. to what would become the largest Kirkbride hospital ever built.
Trigger warnings for this episode include outdated and ableist language, a brief mention of suicide, and inhumane treatment practices.
My main sources for this episode will be the Images of America book on Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital, written by Rusty Tagliareni and Christina Mathews; a Wikipedia article about Greystone Park; the Preserve Greystone website; and a bunch of annual reports from the New Jersey State Library. All sources will be listed at the end of the episode transcript.
So come on in and get comfortable as we go behind the walls of Greystone Park Psychiatric Center…
Allllll the way back in Episode 10, I discussed the legacy of Dorothea Dix and the founding of the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum at Trenton in 1848. This facility was the first of its kind for treating mental illness in a humane way. The first superintendent of the new asylum at Trenton was Dr. Horace Buttolph, who had been the assistant superintendent at the asylum in Utica for the previous five years.
The asylum at Trenton grew very quickly after it opened and quickly outgrew its maximum capacity of 250 patients. Almost 20 years after the asylum opened, the U.S. Civil War broke out, and Dorothea Dix had been called into service as the Superintendent of Nurses. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Dix was able to return to lobbying for additional asylums. After all, following the Civil War, there were veterans and civilians alike who required subsequent institutionalization. The asylum at Trenton had originally had a maximum capacity of 500 patients, but it now housed over 700 (“History”); it was practically bursting at the seams.
Dorothea Dix advocated for building a second lunatic asylum in New Jersey that would help mitigate overcrowding at Trenton. The idea was approved, and plans were made to scout for an appropriate location for the new facility. According to the Preserve Greystone website:
After visiting approximately 42 different locations, officials approved purchase of a portion of a few farms and lots, on August 29th, 1871, near Morristown and a short distance from the Morris and Essex Railroad. The plots of land contained fertile soil, rock quarries for mining stone, a sand pit for building materials, and reservoirs for water and ice access.
Once they had chosen the ideal location, it was decided that the new asylum, like the one in Trenton, would be built in the Kirkbride style – meaning that there would be plenty of access to open spaces, lots of light, a beautiful and tranquil landscape, and wide hallways to ensure that patients had space to walk around and relax. The land chosen for the new asylum was 740 acres – so, plenty of space to build with room for patients and staff alike to roam.
According to the Images of America book on Greystone Park by Rusty Tagliareni and Christina Mathews, “The building was designed by renowned architect Samuel Sloan, who had previously worked on such projects as the Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia and the famous Longwood mansion in Mississippi” (13). Construction began in 1871, and soon it began to take shape. It was built in the Second Empire style, which is known for its Mansard roofs (think the steep, sorta square roof from the Addams Family mansion). They were generally very ornate, with tall, narrow dormer windows. I’ll definitely include pictures on the Facebook and Instagram pages so you can see what I mean.
Like all Kirkbride buildings, Greystone Park would have a large, imposing central structure that was intended for the main administration areas. This one was six stories high and had a large dome with what almost looks like a crown on top.
Now, I should point out that I keep referring to it as Greystone Park. That’s its more modern name. But when it opened on August 17, 1876, it was simply known as the State Asylum for the Insane (Tagliareni and Mathews 13). Later, to help differentiate it from Trenton, it was known as the State Asylum for the Insane at Morristown. But since all the documentation I read refers to it regularly as Greystone Park, I’ll do the same.
As soon as construction was complete, it was obvious that the asylum was different from others that had been built. This one was, in a word, massive. Tagliareni and Mathews point out:
At 673,700 square feet, all built on a single foundation, the asylum dwarfed any other construction in the nation. It was only decades later, after the completion of the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, that Greystone lost its title as the largest continuous-foundation building in the country. (14)
That is incredible to think about! And what’s more, Greystone Park would go on to be the largest Kirkbride hospital ever built.
Most Kirkbride buildings were intended for no more than 250 patients – that was the intent from Dr. Kirkbride himself. But Greystone Park was built with enough room to accommodate a maximum of 800 patients. So it was significantly larger. In fact, the Preserving Greystone website says:
The plan of the main building was drafting to allow for a total of 40 wards split into two wings, one wing for each sex. There was to be no communication between wards. The corridors also served another purpose other than just separating wards: they provided for fire protection, so that a fire would be unable to spread past a single section of the building.
Upper floors in the center section contained apartments for employees, and the third story contained the amusement room and chapel for patients…There would be a center section for administrative purposes, then a wing on each side with three wards on a floor. Each ward would be set back from the previous one so as to allow patients to take in the beautiful grounds from their ward. Each ward was designed to accommodate 20 patients, with a dining room, exercise room, and activity room. The wards were furnished with the highest quality materials, such as wool rugs, pianos, and fresh flowers.
And, truly, when the asylum was first built, it was beautifully decorated and ornate. Tagliareni and Mathew note:
As detailed as the exterior of the hospital was, it paled in comparison to the craftsmanship found within Greystone’s walls. This turn-of-the-century photograph of the women’s ward shows to what lengths the hospital went to ensure a comfortable environment for patients. It was paramount that the people living within Greystone never felt trapped there; rather, it was the intention that those who required long residency feel as if they were experiencing a stay at a resort or health clinic. Even the bars used to retain patients were often ornately designed. In many instances, patients could even bring their own furniture, which allowed them to feel more at home and provided a sense of comfort and familiarity when adjusting to asylum life. (19)
I love this idea that they could bring some comforts from home with them. It really goes back to Dr. Kirkbride’s original idea that patients should be treated humanely and that the environment has a curative effect.
The first superintendent of the State Asylum for the Insane at Morristown was none other than Dr. Horace Buttolph, who had been the superintendent at Trenton years earlier. I mentioned this in episode 11, which was the first episode on the history of the asylum at Trenton, but Dr. Buttolph had what he considered to be a multi-modal approach to treating mental illness. So not only did he use medicines, baths, exercises, and diet, he also used “general and local depletion” (in other words, blood-letting). Whenever I think of blood-letting, I think of the 18th century, like the days of George Washington, not the end of the 19th century. But anyway…
Within two months – two months! – of the new asylum being open, there were already well over 300 patients living there. Most of them were transfers from Trenton (Tagliareni and Mathews 16). But think of it: the hospital was already almost halfway to its maximum capacity not even 10 weeks after opening. It seemed like it would be a sign of conditions to come.
According to the Second Annual Report, which came out 14 months after the asylum opened, the number of patients had risen from 342 on October 31, 1876, to 445 on November 1, 1877. I was actually surprised that the number of men and women was about equal. There were 216 men recorded and 229 women. I expected there to be maybe 2/3 men and 1/3 women, but I guess not. Anyway, during that year, there were 29 patients discharged as fully recovered, 22 discharged as merely “improved,” one discharged as unimproved (whoops), and 29 who had died. So they had just as much chance to leave improved as they did of leaving in a hearse that year. Terrific. By the way, the causes of death among those 29 were consumption or tuberculosis, apoplexy or stroke, exhaustion from acute mania, cholera, heart disease, ovarian tumor with dropsy, congestion of the liver, general chronic exhaustion, softening of the brain, epilepsy, and one suicide. Most of the patients were from New Jersey (not surprising), but other large demographics included patients from New York, Ireland, Germany, and England. As we’ve discussed in previous episodes, immigrants from Ireland were disproportionately represented in insane asylums around the country at this time.
Patients were expected to work as part of their treatment at the asylum. The 1877 annual report notes that men were generally tasked with outdoor and manual labor, such as “excavating and grading and filling roads, in the laundry, the mechanical bakery, and in various shops for wood, iron, tin and copper work, upholstering, etc.” Surprisingly, there were more women employed than man because there was simply more work for them to do. This included working in the ironing room of the laundry, in sewing rooms, and in making and repairing clothes.
Dr. Buttolph wanted patients to work hard and play hard. Amusements were also listed in the annual report as an essential component of their treatment. He writes the following:
These entertainments have consisted of music, instrumental and vocal; dancing with music generally of a Chickering concert grand piano, one or more violins, two cornets, and a trombone. Also, of tableaux, minor theatricals, etc.
This class of amusements, being quite inspiriting, has seemed better adapted to arouse the attention and elicit the interest of a large portion of the patients heretofore and now under our charge. In other circumstances, and at a future day, more attention may be gigven to other classes of entertainments, as magic lantern representations, readings, lectures, etc. etc. In some of the wards we have pianos and other musical instruments; billiards, chess, cards, dominoes, etc.
We have been highly fortunate in establishing among the employees a brass band of skilled musicians, with eight or ten pieces; also an excellent choir for Sunday service in the chapel. And for musical entertainments whenever desired. The music of the band has been a particularly attractive means of outside entertainment, during the twilight of summer evenings, and has amply repaid the trouble and expense of establishing and maintaining it.
I have to admit that I really enjoyed reading the annual report, and I learned a lot from it. Obviously, I won’t read the whole thing to you – there’s just way too much information – but I found a helpful section about rules and regulations for when new patients were admitted to the asylum. I haven’t seen this in my research for other facilities.
Newly admitted patients needed to have their court order for admission or warrant given to the superintendent. They needed to be cleaned and observed to be free from “vermin or any contagious or infectious disease.”
And this I found really interesting: men were to be provided with “at least two shirts, a new and substantial coat, vest, and pantaloons of strong woolen cloth, two pairs of socks, a black cravat, a good hat or cap, and a pair of new shoes or boots, together with a comfortable outside garment.” And I wonder if they could bring some of these clothes items from home, or if they were all supplied to them when they arrived. It doesn’t say one way or another.
Women, similarly, were provided with “the same quantity of under garments, shoes and stockings, shall have a flannel petticoat, two good dresses, also a cloak or other outside garment.” Jewelry, it was noted, and all superfluous articles of dress, knives, etc. etc., should be left at home, as they are liable to be lost (cough cough or stolen).
The terms of admission were as follows: “The price of board, including washing, mending, and attendance, for all who are supported at public charge is three dollars and fifty cents per week. For private patients, or those supported by themselves or their friends, the price varies from five to ten dollars, according to the trouble and expense incurred and according to their ability to pay. Higher prices are paid by a special agreement with the superintendent for extra attention and accommodations. Payments required to be made quarterly, in advance, from date of admission.” Aaaaand, as usual, those who can afford to pay more pay for better quality care. Those who cannot get the barebone treatment.
Dr. Buttolph remained superintendent of the state asylum until his retirement on January 1, 1885 (Tagliareni and Mathews 17). He was replaced by Dr. Edwin Smith, although the title became known as the Medical Director instead of Superintendent. Dr. Smith had a short tenure as Medical Director; he resigned on March 5, 1886, and was replaced by Dr. Edwin or Edward (the same report uses both names) Booth. In the 1886 annual report, Dr. Booth (whatever his first name is) stated that there were 865 patients by the end of the year – 424 men and 441 women. So already, only 10 years after the asylum opened, it had exceeded its maximum capacity. In that particular year, 60 patients died and only 40 were discharged as fully recovered.
In one autopsy, and this is typical of the time period, a woman’s “instance of insanity” was traced back to “a fibro-myoma, which was embedded in the posterior wall of the uterus, and measured 2 ¼ x 2 ¾ inches.” This is what we call a uterine fibroid today; they’re generally noncancerous, but who’s to say that this wasn’t a malignant tumor back in 1886, and the woman died from cancer – not insanity? I’m not a medical doctor, but it’s interesting that they linked this tumor to the cause of her alleged mental illness.
Each of the annual reports goes into a lot of detail about sewage and drainage at the asylum. I won’t belabor that point for obvious reasons, but clearly that was an important topic back in the day, since it connected to so many highly communicable diseases.
In 1890, a state hospital fire department started at the asylum, allowing for quicker responses to fires on the grounds (Tagliareni and Mathews 69).
In 1892, Dr. Britton D. Evans became Medical Director at Greystone. He would remain the Medical Director until his death in 1920.
The 1894 annual report noted that by the end of the year, there were 1,050 patients at the asylum – 520 men and 530 women. They were already 250 patients over capacity. In the annual report, Dr. Evans said this regarding the increasing number of patients:
In my last report I called attention to our overcrowded condition, and the many serious consequences arising from it. We then had a population of 1,009; today we have 1,050. Further comment is scarcely necessary.
There appears to be but one solution of the problem, and that is, to build further accommodation for the insane of the State, and in doing so it seems but judicious that buildings be erected that will provide for the steady increase for several years. Table XXIII shows that the insane population of his Hospital has had a yearly increase of about fifty patients, and suggests what may be expected in the future. The most practical and economical way to deal with this problem is to erect buildings for the chronic, incurable insane, upon the large dormitory and day-room plan, thus relieving the congested condition of this building and making room for the admission of acute cases, supposedly susceptible of treatment.
I get a sense of Dr. Evans’ desperation here. I’ve sensed this in other directors or superintendents when they are begging the powers-that-be for money to expand. The building can only accommodate so many people, and they were using every square inch, it seemed. Beds lined the wide corridors in an attempt to make as much extra space as possible. And I can’t help but think about how this was the time when illnesses like tuberculosis and typhoid ran rampant in close quarters. They absolutely needed more space.
Fortunately, Dr. Evans got what he requested. By the end of the 1890s, his proposal for an additional dormitory building was approved, and it was completed in 1901. It opened on March 12, 1901, and housed 408 men and women. And this came not a moment too soon. By the end of 1901, there were a reported 1,390 patients at Greystone. Of those, 1,131 were reported to be indigent; 164 were private pay; 27 were criminal; and 68 were convicts. So even at this early stage, a very low percentage were there for forensic reasons. And folks who were at the hospital for having committed violent offenses were mixed in with others who were there just because they struggled with mental illness. Dr. Evans noted that, despite staff’s best efforts, three dangerous criminals escaped from the hospital. He seemed to plead in his annual report that a separate facility be used to contain folks who were serving time for criminal offenses or were otherwise dangerous to their other patients. “The convict insane are dangerous, treacherous, and a menace to the welfare of any hospital not constructed and equipped for the care of this class alone. It is the duty of every Commonwealth to provide an institution for their safe-keeping, and I am hopeful that this crying need will receive attention in this State without further delay.” I really appreciate the gentle way that Dr. Evans basically says, “You’d better do this or else.”
The Medical Director then provides a helpful overview of an average daily routine at the asylum, since he assumes that some people who read the annual report won’t be familiar with the regular goings-on of the hospital. Here’s what he notes:
The magnitude of the work and the immense amount of detail connected with it calls for thorough organization in every department. Every physician upon the staff is assigned his special service. Supervisors and supervising nurses are allotted a given number of wards in which they are held responsible for the service of the nurses and where they must preserve discipline and see that the ward attendants are properly discharging their various duties. It further devolves upon the supervisors to look carefully into the wants and needs of patients, report upon sanitary conditions, record the ward temperatures and be the constant medium of communication between the wards and the medical offices.
There are in the two buildings 44 wards, all in telephonic communication with the office of the Medical Director. Each ward has its charge attendant or head nurse, upon whom the immediate responsibility of caring for the family of patients in that ward rests.
At 6 AM, the rising whistle blows, and 1,400 patients and their nurses arise and the hospital day is begun. The feeble and untidy are washed and dressed by their nurses; the strong and robust are educated and trained to care for themselves; the wards and rooms are flushed out with pure air, and systematic housecleaning is put in operation. The morning meal is served in 40 different dining rooms to nearly 1,600 persons at 7 o’clock. At 9 AM, the supervisors make their reports to the Medical Director. These reports consist of tabulated statements, setting the employment of the patients, a list of those sick in bed, a record of all incidents and accidents for the past 24 hours, the leaves of absence, admissions, and discharges. They also transmit the written reports of the night nurses and patrol men and women and, having already made tours of inspection through the various wards, verbal reports are made as to any matter needing the attention of the Medical Staff. Requisitions, in writing, for such necessary articles as clothing, furniture, beds, bedding, dishes, table and other supplies, and also a list of needed repairs, are submitted to the Medical Director for his approval and signature. At 11 AM, the assistant physicians make their reports as to the conditions of the patients. The regular hours for the physicians to make their rounds are from 9 to 11 AM and 3:30 to 5:30 PM. The daily rounds by the physicians cover every part of the institution in which there are patients. Reports of the morning rounds are made in writing and filed with the Medical Director. Each physician is subject to call day or night, at any moment the condition of a patient in his service may demand his attention, or any emergency arises. […]
The physicians also give careful attention to everything pertaining to the care and treatment of the patients, such as the minutiae of diet, exercise, baths, medicines, etc., and try to impress patients with the fact that they are their friends as well as medical advisors. [I don’t know about “friends” in this instance]
At 9 PM, the day nurses, after 16 hours of service, deliver their patients over to the care of the night nurses, under whose watchful care and humane administrations they remain until morning.
Such, in a general way, is the character of the routine work of the Hospital. Where so large a number of insane patients are congregated, the usual percentage of those who are homicidal, or suicidal, or who suffer from pyromania, make the danger of a homicide, a suicide, fire or other accident a source of never-ending anxiety to those in charge. Nowhere is eternal vigilance more necessary or more to be insisted upon than in a large hospital for the insane.
So having good staff was essential. Eight years earlier, around 1893, a training school for nurses started at the asylum. The 1901 annual report notes this about the program: “At the commencement exercises of the last training school class, three men and four women were granted diplomas, making 37 men and 53 women, a total of 90 who have graduated from the school since its inception.” There’s still this idea that nursing was always a female-dominated field; and while there were more women nurses in the training program, there was a surprisingly high number of men. This was most likely because men were still expected to work with men patients and women with women patients.
Dr. Evans noted that the nursing staff needed their own separate accommodations on the hospital grounds:
In connection with this subject I desire to direct your attention to the wisdom of providing a building which shall be set apart for the use of nurses. This is in the line of progress, and is advocated and endorsed as a necessity in numerous hospitals, both general and special. Our nurses are on duty for 16 consecutive hours, and remain daily and sleep nightly in the same wards which occupy their time and attention during the day. Their rest is, therefore, often unavoidably broken by disturbed and noisy patients not then under their care. Persons spending 16 hours daily in the care of turbulent and distressing cases should have a place set apart for them where they can sleep in peace and where they can spend their time when not on duty in reading, studying, or recreation, away from the cares and vexations of their work. It would be economy and at the same time in the promotion of good service to erect a cottage for nurses, which should also provide sleeping accommodation for night nurses…
And once again, Dr. Evans got what he wanted. Records are a little unclear about the exact timeline, but in the early 1900s, the southern nursing cottage was built, and in 1912, the north nursing cottage was built. Now the problem was that these cottages were built without adequate fire safety measures or fire escapes. And on November 26, 1907, the southern nursing cottage experienced a massive fire. It spread so rapidly, according to the 1908 annual report, that several nurses who were trapped by flames were forced to jump from the second story windows. Three of them, the report says, were severely injured as a result. The cottage was rebuilt and reopened in 1909 (51). This incident prompted administration to add clunky but present fire escapes throughout the hospital grounds.
1906 was a busy year for the asylum. The annual report from that year showed an increase in the patient population – now up to 1,779: 872 men and 907 women. They were almost 1,000 patients over their max capacity, and Dr. Evans made it clear in his report that a new insane asylum needed to be added in New Jersey. He said this:
The State Hospital at Trenton and the one at Morris Plans have already become too unwieldy and cumbersome, and in my judgment should not have further additions made to them. There should be another State Hospital in the southern part of the State and the State divided into three hospital districts. The insane should be under well-organized State supervision and acutely insane patients should only be sent to properly equipped hospitals.
The highest census of the Hospital was reached on October 29th, 1906, when there were 1,784 patients in the house.
He goes on to say that of the remaining 1,779 patients, 1,496 of them were indigent, 181 were private pay, 41 alleged criminals with pending charges, and 61 insane prisoners.
Dr. Evans pointed out that for recreation and amusements, they had golf links and tennis courts (very posh), bowling alleys, pool and billiard tables. The hospital also purchased two graphophones and what he described as a “liberal supply of records.”
In terms of treatment, Dr. Evans boasted in his report about the new hydrotherapy room, where patients could receive baths and…spray treatments. The report also says – and this surprised me – that Swedish massages were used. I actually wish there were a way to incorporate this into modern day treatment, but I think it would be too challenging to separate it from the sexualization of touch. But for purposes of relaxation and human contact, I think it would be very beneficial.
There was a picture and a reference to an electrotherapeutic room, although the page that describes the treatment is way too faint to read in its entirety. I can make out that they installed a new model Holtz electrical static machine with an X-ray attachment, with most of the necessary electrodes and equipment. Unfortunately, it gets too hard to read after that. The 1908 annual report offers a little more insight. Dr. Evans writes the following:
The work done in the newly equipped hydrotherapeutic and electrical departments has been of a gratifying character. More than 2,000 electrotherapeutic treatments were given during the year and uniformly good results obtained. In the department of hydrotherapy for women, 4,896 treatments were given, and in the department of hydrotherapy for men, which has only been in operation since June 1st, 1908, 1,340 treatments were given.
These treatments mainly consisted of baths in the hot-air cabinets [like a sauna, I assume], circular, jet, and electric light baths, the Scotch douches, the perineal standing and the perineal sitting baths, the sitz bath, and general massage.
Okay, I assume some explanation is required for these treatments. The Scotch douche is one of those showers that looks a bit like a cage with nozzles all up and down on all sides. That’s what that refers to. A perineal sitting bath and sitz bath you might be more familiar with – that’s when you soak your downstairs parts in warm water for pain relief. But a perineal standing shower – that I wasn’t too sure about. I imagine – and this is me clinically speculating here – that that refers to the jets that get sprayed onto someone, sort of like in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Maybe the downstairs parts just get sprayed off really good? I’m not entirely sure. If you know, please write in and let me know.
Throughout the first decade of the 20th century, Dr. Evans seems to plead with state officials for relief from overcrowding. The 1908 report sounds almost desperate:
The overcrowding of the Hospital, as shown in the report of the Medical Director, is unanswerable evidence that further addition to it would make it unwieldy and its proper supervision extremely difficult if not impossible.
Substantial relief may be given for several years if the Institution were relieved of the convict and criminal insane, who are a demoralizing element in the Hospital and an imposition upon those patients who are unfortunate, but not guilty of crime. The greatly needed home for male nurses would also make room for as many patients as nurses are thus provided for.
He also asked, pretty firmly, for the addition of two other physicians and an increase in salary for his staff because of their work conditions. I’m glad he was so firm in his demand because I cannot imagine what it must have been like for staff with that many patients in their care. Even the best staff were stretched so thin that they couldn’t have taken care of everyone’s needs adequately.
And I think that’s where I’ll pause for this week. We’ll pick up next week with the years just before WWI, when there are technological advances, a tuberculosis outbreak, and an absolutely inhumane number of patients at the asylum. So be sure to come back to that!
As always, thank you so much for listening! Thank you for your patience while I was out the past couple of weeks. I did update the Patreon page a little bit. For those of you who might be interested in checking out the Patreon page, I’m still working on adding content. But so far, what I have there are 5 (out of soon-to-be 10) journal entries from a patient at Volterra Lunatic Asylum, one staff story from Goodna Mental Hospital in Queensland, three stories by Janet Frame, and one recording of funny excerpts from old timey newspapers. I want to be more intentional this new year in adding content to the Patreon page that you will like. So if you have any suggestions, please let me know.
Speaking of Patreon, extra special thanks this week to Helena and Jay for becoming supporting members. I really appreciate that! You can sign up, too, for $5/month or on Buzzsprout at $3/month. That will help me buy the mountains of books for research that I do on this show.
I know I say this a lot, but I am just really grateful for all of you who listen. It means so much to me. If you haven’t done so already, please head over to wherever you’re listening right now and rate, review, and subscribe. It helps the algorithm find other listeners for the show. It’s a really quick and simple way to support the show.
And, as always, remember the words of Maya Angelou: “do the best you can until you know better; then, when you know better, do better.” Until next time…
“Annual Reports of the New Jersey State Asylum for the Insane at Morristown (New Jersey State Hospital at Morris Plains; Greystone Park).” New Jersey State Library. https://hdl.handle.net/10929/49208
“Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital
“History.” Preserve Greystone. https://preservegreystone.org/history-html/
Tagliareni, Rusty, and Christina Mathews. Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2016.
